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RSV is a common respiratory virus primarily transmitted through droplets or direct contact with infected secretions. Infants and young children are particularly vulnerable, especially those under 2 years old, with about 90% infected before age 2. RSV infection can cause acute symptoms like bronchiolitis and pneumonia, and some children may develop long-term complications, including increased risk of asthma later in life.​

Infants have an extremely high risk of RSV infection—even full-term, healthy babies face significant risks comparable to preterm infants or those with chronic conditions (e.g., heart/lung disease). The 0-6 month period is especially high-risk due to immature immune systems and low antibody levels, often leading to severe pneumonia or bronchiolitis requiring hospitalization. Close contact with infected individuals, crowded environments, or family members with illness greatly increases transmission. Thus, all infants should take preventive measures to reduce infection risk and avoid long-term complications like asthma.​

The most effective and WHO-recommended prevention method currently is RSV long-acting monoclonal antibody injection, especially for newborns and high-risk groups. Compared to maternal RSV vaccination during pregnancy, direct injection into infants provides superior protection, with studies showing higher antibody levels and clinical protection rates than maternally transferred antibodies.​

Direct monoclonal antibody injection for infants offers immediate protection from birth, while maternal vaccination transfers antibodies to the fetus but with slightly shorter duration and efficacy. WHO currently recommends long-acting monoclonal antibody injection for high-risk infants and all newborns as prevention.​